Article of the Month - February 2020 |
Wioleta Krupowicz, Adrianna Czarnecka, Poland, Magdalena Grus, Netherlands
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| Wioleta Krupowicz | Adrianna Czarnecka | Magdalena Grus |
This article in .pdf-format (16 pages)
This paper was presented at the FIG Working Week 2019 in Hanoi, Vietnam. The article presents the possibilities of implementation of the idea of crowdsourcing in rural development programmes in Poland
Rural areas in Poland are inhabited by 39.8% of the country’s population (GUS, 2018a). They face various challenges in the scope of development of efficient and competitive agriculture and forest economy, strengthening of area structures as an independent living and economic space, and preservation of cultural landscape and natural environment. Measures aimed at the improvement of rural development instruments have been undertaken in Poland for many years. The Rural Development Programme for the years 2014-2020, specifying the framework of development of rural areas in Poland, draws attention to the need of activation of residents of rural areas, and use of endogenic potentials for the purposes of local development. The entire process of spatial planning in rural areas in Poland requires undertaking measures promoting creative attitudes among residents of rural areas and enabling their involvement in joint undertakings.
One of the tasks of ongoing rural development projects is to take social conditions into consideration. The research seeks potential activities to be undertaken by local self-governments interested in the development of local identity and sense of belonging. The development and common use of the Internet and new digital tools come with a wide range of new possibilities, challenges, and perspectives in the scope of rural development. One of such tools is crowdsourcing. The survey applies this relatively new approach to knowledge acquisition, information diffusion, and exchange of thoughts and views among authorities, experts, and the crowd. It entails a combination of top-down, traditional, hierarchical process, and a bottom-up, open process engaging an online community. The analysis of trends observed in European policies reveals that the application of the idea of crowdsourcing for strengthening social participation is a very desirable and important issue.
The article presents the possibilities of implementation of the idea of crowdsourcing in rural development programmes in Poland, particularly in planning works related to the implementation of land consolidation. A dedicated application was created in the GIS environment especially for this purpose.
Rural areas in Poland face many challenges in the scope of efficient and competitive agriculture and forest economy, strengthening area structures as an independent living and economic space, and preservation of the values of the cultural landscape and natural environment. Poland stands out in Europe in terms of its environmental and landscape diversity. This results from the natural conditions (diverse land relief and variability of soil and climate conditions), uneven industrialisation and urbanisation of the country, high contribution of permanent grasslands, and preservation of extensive agriculture over a considerable area, particularly in regions with mosaic spatial structure (in the eastern and south-eastern part of the country) (Kaługa 2009). Arable land constitutes 60.2% of the territory of the country (GUS, 2018b). Half of it constitutes unique habitats disappearing in the European landscape, with havens of rare and endangered species of flora and fauna (Machnik and Kurczewski, 2014). High environmental and landscape values of agricultural areas are confirmed by covering their considerable part by the Natura 2000 network (Gwiazdowicz, 2010). Reconciling the economic development of rural areas with environmental and landscape protection is a difficult task. Activities with this goal in mind have been undertaken in Poland for many years in the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union.
Rural development in Poland is currently stimulated by the Rural Development Programme for the years 2014-2020. It draws attention to the need of activation of residents of rural areas, and use of endogenic potentials for the purposes of local development. The entire process of spatial planning in rural areas in Poland requires activities promoting creative attitudes among residents of rural areas, and enabling their involvement in joint undertakings. One of measures related to the transformation of the spatial structure of rural areas in Poland, implemented in the scope of the programme, is land consolidation. Consolidation works performed so far did not make the most of the knowledge resources of the local community regarding their area of residence (in the scope of resources of local material and intangible cultural heritage, local environmental conditions affecting agriculture, functionality and quality of access roads to arable and forest land, problem areas, etc.). This translated into: a unilateral character of the solutions of the consolidation plan, and the exclusive consideration of the improvement of the area structure of agricultural farms and transportation system, lack of implementation of the currently promoted idea of sustainable development of areas, non-optimal use of funds for the purposes, and a small number of implemented consolidation procedures.
The development and common use of the Internet and new digital tools comes with a broad range of new possibilities, challenges, and perspectives in the scope of development of rural areas. One of such tools is crowdsourcing – a tool allowing for effectively reaching the interested social groups, use of their knowledge on the area, acquiring their opinions and ideas, and then their involvement in the implementation of the planning works. It permits the inclusion of the community in the decision-making process regarding the type of aspects of space that should be considered in the implementation of works related to the transformation of the space of rural areas, as well as acquiring detailed information on the study area, not available in the existing spatial data bases. It may also result in the development of innovative solutions by reducing the cost and time usually required in the traditional problem-solving process (Brabham, 2008).
Public participation is a key priority in public planning and crowdsourcing. It is regarded a good way to engage citizens and facilitate an open dialogue between them and planners (Bugs et al., 2010). The analysis of trends observed in the European policy (projects CAPS – Collective Awareness Platforms for Sustainability and Social Innovation) shows that the application of the idea of crowdsourcing for the purpose of strengthening of social participation is a very desirable and important issue. Numerous examples also include among others crowdsourcing platforms engaging residents in common search for solutions to local problems, as well as in transforming, improving, and governing the city, e.g. WeDundee.com in Scotland, FixMyStreet.com in Great Britain, or OtwartaWarszawa.pl in Poland. Holland also has considerable experience in the scope (among others Bol et al., 2016; Grus and Sjoukema, 2017). It has been applying the tool in works related to updating topographic maps with the support of elementary school pupils for several years. OpenStreetMap (OSM) is the most famous example of crowdsourcing available today (Haklay and Weber, 2008).
Land consolidation is one of the processes shaping the spatial structure of rural areas. Therefore, the implementation of consolidations (but also preparation of strategic documents for local development affecting the functional-spatial structure of rural areas) requires undertaking measures promoting creative attitudes among residents of rural areas, and enabling their involvement in joint undertakings. The article presents the concept of implementation of the idea of crowdsourcing in processes transforming the spatial structure of rural areas based on a dedicated application.
One of the basic measures contributing to the development of agriculture and rural areas in Poland, as well as in the countries of the European Union (Vitikainen, 2004), is the land consolidation process. Consolidation works in Poland currently gradually cease to be treated as measures limited only to new planning of boundaries of registered plots optimal only from the point of view of owners of agricultural farms. From the moment of Poland’s accession to the European Union (in 2004), land consolidation increasingly frequently constitutes an element of a group of measures aimed at complex development of an area subject to consolidation, with consideration of complex renewal of villages, improvement of the transport system, protection of the natural environment, protection of landscape values and cultural heritage, and improvement of water relations (Bielska and Leń (eds.), 2015; Krupowicz et al., 2017; Kupidura et al., 2014; Sobolewska-Mikulska (ed.), 2015; Sobolewska-Mikulska and Wójcik, 2018; Stańczuk-Gałwiaczek et al., 2018; Wilkowski and Pułecka, 2002).
Poland is one of the largest beneficiaries of EU projects oriented at rural development, where the land consolidation process is of particular importance (Janus and Markuszewska, 2017). Poland currently experiences high demand for implementation of such works. The needs in the scope cover more than 7 million ha, constituting approximately 69% of the area of arable land of family farms in the country (Jędrejek et al., 2014). Depending on the region, they are respectively larger or smaller. The greatest needs concern the southern, south-eastern, and central part of the country, due to a small surface area of plots and their high dispersal (Jadczyszyn and Woch, 2017). In the programming-financial perspective 2014-2020, approximately 285 million EUR is allocated for the implementation of land consolidation procedures. This will permit the consolidation of land with a total surface area of approximately 106 thousand ha (Programme, 2018).
As directly stipulated by the Act of 26 March 1982 on land consolidation and exchange (Journal of Laws of 2018, item 908) regulating the land consolidation procedure in Poland, the objective of this type of measures is the provision of more favourable management conditions in agriculture and forestry through the improvement of the area structure of agricultural farms, forests, and forest land, rational management of the plot layout, adjustment of real estate boundaries to the system of melioration facilities, roads, and land relief. The scope of the measure covers a number of surveying, legal, and administrative activities necessary for initiating the consolidation procedure, conducting administrative proceedings, and disclosure of the decision on the approval of the consolidation plan in the land and buildings register and in land and mortgage registers. It particularly covers the preparation of the consolidation plan (surveying-legal documentation), as well as implementation of post-consolidation management – particularly considering the construction and adjustment of agricultural transport roads, correction of the course and improvement of technical parameters of melioration ditches, land reclamation, and implementation of other measures resulting from the consolidation plan, permitting taking possession of newly designated plots and land management in a given area. Consolidation proceedings are performed by the starost as a task in the scope of governmental administration from the resources of the State Budget, with a prevalent contribution of financing from the resources of the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development. The highest authority in the scope is the voivode. Consolidation works are coordinated and performed by the voivodeship self-government with the support of voivodeship offices of surveying and arable land.
Two types of consolidation are designated: initiated on request and ex officio. Pursuant to the act on land consolidation, initiation of the consolidation procedure can occur on request of the majority (more than 50%) of owners of agricultural farms (with an area of more than 1 ha) located in the designated consolidation area, or on request of owners of land with a total area exceeding half the surface area of the designated consolidation area (irrespective of the total area of land in possession). In order to apply for financing of consolidation works, the starost applies for financial resources in a competition announced by a respective department of the Marshal Office. The criteria of admission of applications are specified in the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development of 10 December 2015 on detailed conditions and course of granting and provision of financial support for land consolidation procedures, in the scope of submeasure “Support for investments related to development, modernisation, and adjustment of agriculture and forestry” covered by the Rural Development Programme for the years 2014-2020 (item 2180). Preference is given to undertakings that have a positive effect on the landscape and environment, and implement allocation of land for public purposes and for tasks increasing retention.
Consolidations initiated ex officio, particularly (after obtaining the opinion of the village administration and social-vocational farmer organisations operating in a given village) so-called infrastructural consolidations, are implemented in an area where the plot layout was or will be considerably worsened as a result of the course of the existing or constructed public roads (particularly motorways), railways, on-ground pipelines, and water reservoirs or melioration facilities. The objective of such consolidation is to eliminate or minimise the unfavourable effect of investments on rural space. The costs of consolidation works and post-consolidation management are covered by the investor, if they apply for the consolidation. Next to the aforementioned types of land consolidations, the following are also implemented in Poland (Sobolewska-Mikulska (ed.), 2015):
The course of the land consolidation process in Poland is presented in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Land consolidation procedure in Poland (red colour designates elements of the procedure involving active participation of the local community)
DETERMINATION OF NEEDS AND QUALIFICATION OF THE OBJECT FOR CONSOLIDATION
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The analyses are performed based on the following data:
The analyses result in the preparation of the following thematic studies:
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The graphic part of the concept presents:
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Post-consolidation management includes works involving:
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The scope and character of participation of the local community in consolidation proceedings is stipulated in legal provisions (Act, 1982). The land consolidation process is implemented with the participation of the Council of Consolidation Participants consisting of 3-12 persons as a social consulting authority appointed by the consolidation participants. It fulfils consulting functions towards the surveyor, planner, and starost – it issues opinions on reservations to the plan, proposes the course of new roads. Consolidation participants have an important role of submitting individual requests concerning the location of their plots, and pass the rules of estimation providing the basis for the accurate determination of the value of land. Customarily in the Polish consolidation procedure, residents of the consolidation area do not actively participate in the planning works. It is a manifestation of social participation with informative and consultation character. Residents participate in the following stages of the process (see Figure 1):
In such a situation, residents have no actual influence on the planned investment measures (directly or indirectly) concerning them. Only actual participation of the local community in the design works allows for minimising the number of socio-spatial conflicts, and for obtaining social acceptance in the scope of decisions taken in the scope of the land consolidation procedure (Hindsworth and Lang, 2009; Urbanik et al., 2010).
A measure that would enable active and actual participation of the local community in shaping their space of residence, as well as building the sense of local identity and belonging to the place of residence, is the concept of implementation of the idea of crowdsourcing at the stage of planning of consolidation works, recommended in this article. As a consequence, the community assumes shared responsibility for the undertaken measures and decisions, making the entire process more permanent and effective.
In the approach proposed in this article, crowdsourcing for the purposes of implementation of land consolidation in Poland can be considered as a process evolving through the following steps (Figure 2):
Figure 2. Concept of crowdsourcing for the land consolidation procedure in Poland
Source: own elaboration based on Papadopoulou and Giaoutzi (2014).
The objective of the application is on the one hand the disclosure of the existing reference data concerning the selected area, and on the other hand collecting data from the local community (crowdsourcing data layer). The tool for the provision and collecting data will be a web application available for stakeholders in the online environment. The web application will be developed by means of ArcGis Online software by Esri. It will be composed of reference data, e.g. base map, descriptive layer concerning terrain attributes, and crowdsourcing data layer permitting adding point data (with a description and/or photograph) by the local community. The reference data and crowdsourcing data layers are disclosed as feature service in the ArcGIS Online cloud. The feature service is available for users through web applications, allowing for adding and supplementing new data on a current basis (see Figure 3). Depending on the needs, some data can be hidden or disclosed only to a specified group of people. The user will be able to gain access to the online application through a link or a generated QR code. The online application will be available for iOS, Android, and Windows, and displayed on mobile phones, tablets, and desktops. Access with no necessity of prior logging in is assumed. The only condition of use of the online application is access to the Internet.
Figure 3. Web application architecture
Source: own elaboration.
The presentation and testing of the application in the field will involve three parts: introduction, practical test, and questionnaire. At the introduction stage, the promoter (surveyor-planner) will briefly explain the test’s objectives, the interface, and its functionalities, and encourage users to use the web application. In the second part, participants will implement a task. Users can interact for as long as they need. Participants will be encouraged to go outside using the web application. Last, they will answer a questionnaire with five direct questions and three open questions (Table 1). The direct questions will consider topics related to the ease-of-use, satisfaction and usefulness. The open questions will serve mainly to analyse the usefulness of its functionalities and tools for future improvements.
Table 1. Questionnaire
Do you agree with these statements? () yes () no
1. I found the web application easy to use and understand
2. I think that people in general would be able to use a web
application like this easily
3. I found the information interesting and important
4. I think this web application can strengthen public participation
in land consolidation process
6. I think all municipalities should have a web application like
this available for the community in the case of implementation of
documents affecting the functional-spatial structure of rural areas
Please answer:
6. What did you like most and what did you dislike?
7. What do you think is missing?
8. What do you think could be improved?
Source: own elaboration based on Bugs et al. (2010).
The presented issues and data obtained from the local community will allow for a better and more detailed examination of the consolidation area by the surveyor-planner, and therefore more accurate consideration of the useful, spatial, environmental, and landscape values in the assumptions of the consolidation plan. We expect the proposed solution to permit effective reaching of the interested social groups, use of their knowledge on the area, acquiring their opinions and ideas, and then their involvement in the implementation of the planning works. The proposed solution offers a possibility of supplementing data used in consolidation works by the perceptive level, related to experience, preferences, associations, and memories of the local community concerning their living space. This particularly concerns data related to the cultural and landscape heritage of a given village (see Kupidura, 2013; Kupidura, 2017). The ideas and technical solution presented in the article are currently undergoing tests on selected consolidation objects in Poland.
Land consolidation is one of the processes shaping the spatial structure of rural areas. Therefore, the implementation of consolidations requires measures promoting creative attitudes among residents of rural areas, and enabling their engagement in common undertakings. It is possible through the application of the tool of crowdsourcing. A dedicated application was developed in the GIS environment especially for this purpose. The resulting obtained information on the area and the problems and needs of the local community will constitute input material for the surveyor-planner for the preparation of assumptions of the land consolidation plan. Then, they can be implemented in the land consolidation plan. The approach presented in the article can additionally contribute to:
The methodological and technical solutions proposed in the article will also be applicable in the preparation of other documents affecting the functional-spatial structure of rural areas in Poland, such as: development strategy of the commune, study of conditions and directions of spatial management of rural communes, local spatial management plans.
List of publications:
Bielska A., Leń P. (ed.), 2015. Scalenia gruntów determinantem wielofunkcyjnego rozwoju obszarów wiejskich. Wyższa Szkoła Inżynieryjno-Ekonomiczna w Rzeszowie, Rzeszów. (in Polish)
Bol D., Grus M., Laakso M., 2016. Crowdsourcing and VGI in National Mapping Agency’s data collection. Proceedings, 6th International Conference on Cartography and GIS, 13-17 June 2016, Albena, Bulgaria, 493-498.
Brabham, D.C. 2008. Crowdsourcing as a model for problem solving: An introduction and cases. Convergence 14, 75–90.
Bugs G., Granell C., Fonts O., Huerta J., Painho M., 2010. An assessment of public participation GIS and Web 2.0 technologies in urban planning practice in Canela, Brazil. Cities 27(3), 172-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2009.11.008
Grus M., Sjoukema J.W., 2017. Dutch Kadaster and crowdsourcing. Conference materials, Crowdsourcing in National Mapping, 3-4 April 2017, Leuven, Belgium.
GUS (Central Statistical Office), 2018a. Obszary wiejskie w Polsce w 2016 roku. Zakład Wydawnictw Statystycznych, Warszawa. (in Polish)
GUS (Central Statistical Office), 2018b. Rocznik Statystyczny Rolnictwa 2017. Zakład Wydawnictw Statystycznych, Warszawa. (in Polish)
Gwiazdowicz M., 2010. Środowisko przyrodnicze na obszarach wiejskich – zagrożenia i szanse. Studia BAS 4(24), 247–272. (in Polish)
Haklay M., Weber P., 2008. OpenStreetMap: User-generated street maps. IEEE Pervasive Computing 7(4), 12-18. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPRV.2008.80
Hindsworth M.F., Lang T.B., 2009. Community participation and empowerment. Nova Science Publishers, New York.
Jadczyszyn J., Woch F., 2017. Problem rozłogu gruntów gospodarstw rolnych o większej powierzchni. Polish Journal of Agronomy 31, 27–38. (in Polish)
Janus J., Markuszewska I., 2017. Land consolidation – a great need to improve effectiveness. A case study from Poland. Land Use Policy 65, 143-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.03.028
Kaługa I., 2009. Korzyści dla rolnictwa wynikające z gospodarowania na obszarach Natura 2000. Ministerstwo Środowiska, Warszawa. (in Polish)
Krupowicz W., Sobolewska-Mikulska K., 2017. Possible applications of spatial analyses in designing the agricultural road network with particular consideration of the environmental and landscape aspects, in: The 10th International Conference Environmental Engineering, Čygas Donatas (ed.), Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.208
Krupowicz W., Sobolewska-Mikulska K., Burinskienė M., 2017. Modern trends in road network development in rural areas. The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 12(1), 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2017.06
Kupidura A., Łuczewski M., Home R., Kupidura P., 2014. Public perceptions of rural landscapes in land consolidation procedures in Poland. Land Use Policy 39, 313–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.02.005
Kupidura A., 2013. Dziedzictwo krajobrazowe w gospodarowaniu przestrzenią. Prace naukowe, Geodezja, z. 53, Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej, Warszawa, 150 s. (in Polish)
Kupidura A., 2017. The role of landscape heritage in integrated development of rural areas in the context of “landscape legal regulation”. Infrastruktura i ekologia terenów wiejskich III/1/2017, 869-878. http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-31d0bc7b-bf7e-41d5-b92c-01cf9bae16d1/c/kupidura_the_role_3.1_2017.pdf
Machnik A., Kurczewski R., 2014. Dziedzictwo przyrodnicze w rozwoju turystyki kulturowej na terenach wiejskich. Turystyka Kulturowa 7, 34-48. (in Polish)
Papadopoulou Ch.A., Giaoutzi M., 2014. Crowdsourcing as a tool for knowledge acquisition in spatial planning. Future Internet 6, 109-125. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi6010109
Sobolewska-Mikulska K. (ed.), 2015. Współczesne scalania gruntów w kształtowaniu granic rolniczej przestrzeni produkcyjnej. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej, Warszawa. (in Polish)
Sobolewska-Mikulska K., Wójcik-Leń J., 2018. Obszary problemowe rolnictwa w Polsce. Wybrane aspekty realizacji scaleń gruntów. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej, Warszawa. (in Polish)
Stańczuk-Gałwiaczek M., Sobolewska-Mikulska K., Ritzemab H., van Loon-Steensmac J.M., 2018. Integration of water management and land consolidation in rural areas to adapt to climate change: Experiences from Poland and the Netherlands. Land Use Policy 77, 498-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.06.005
Urbanik A., Boni Z., Koczanowicz-Chondzyńska J., 2010. Udział obywateli w tworzeniu polityk publicznych. Wybór dobrych praktyk zagranicznych. Fundacja Inicjatyw Społeczno-Ekonomicznych, Warszawa. (in Polish).
Vitikainen A., 2004. An overview of land consolidation in Europe. Nordic Journal of Surveying and Real Estate Research 1(1), 25-44. https://journal.fi/njs/article/view/41504 Wilkowski W., Pułecka A., 2002. Landscape aspects in land consolidation procedures in Poland. Conference proceedings: XXII FIG Congress, Washington D.C., USA. https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig_2002/Ts7-4/TS7_4_wilkowski_pulecka.pdf
Wójcik-Leń J., Sobolewska-Mikulska K., Sajnóg N., Leń P., 2018. The idea of rational management of problematic agricultural areas in the course of land consolidation. Land Use Policy 78, 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.06.044
Others:
Decision No. 1 of the Minister of Agriculture and Food Economy of 24 March 1983 on land consolidation and exchange (GZ-g-630-1/83). (in Polish)
Rural Development Programme for the years 2014-2020. Version as of 23.10.2018, European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Warsaw. (in Polish)
Act of 26 March 1982 on land consolidation and exchange (consolidated text, Journal of Laws of 2018, item 908). (in Polish)
Guidelines for the preparation of assumptions for the land consolidation plan with environmental impact assessment. Attachment No. 1 to Resolution No. 1191/14 of the Executive Board of the Małopolskie Voivodeship of 30 October 2014, Department of Agriculture and Geodesy, Marshal Office of the Małopolskie Voivodeship. (in Polish)
Wioleta Krupowicz, Ph.D. - Assistant professor at the Department of Spatial Planning and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology (Poland). Valuer appraiser with academic interest focusing on smart solutions for social, environmental and economic challenges in rural areas, environmental and landscape aspects in participatory planning in rural development processes, land policy instruments for spatial development, real estate appraisal.
Adrianna Czarnecka, Ph.D, D.Sc. - Assistant professor at the Department of Spatial Planning and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology (Poland). Landscape architect with academic interest focusing on public perception of landscape, rural landscape changes, tangible and intangible landscape heritage aspects in participatory planning in rural development processes, landscape valuation, real estate appraisal.
Magdalena Grus - Product and Process Innovation Consultant at the Cadastre. Studied Spatial Planning and Planning at the Warsaw University of Life Science and Socio-Spatial Analyzes at Wageningen University and Research in the Netherlands. From 2010 has been working with great pleasure at the Cadastre, Land Registry and Mapping Agency (Kadaster) in the Netherlands. In recent years active in the field of geographic information systems, social geography and voluntary geographic information. In the recent months working on IoT, DigitalTwin and SmartCities. Searching for improvements and optimization of current products and processes but also opportunities for the new products and services. Actively looking for the social added value of technological changes and the possibilities for active participation of the citizens.
Wioleta Krupowicz, Ph.D.
Warsaw University of Technology
Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography
Department of Spatial Planning and Enviromental Sciences
Sq. Politechniki 1
Warsaw
POLAND
Adrianna Czarnecka, Ph.D. D. Sc.
Warsaw University of Technology
Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography
Department of Spatial Planning and
Enviromental Sciences
Sq. Politechniki 1
Warsaw
POLAND
Magdalena Grus, Msc.
The
Netherlands’ Cadastre, Land Registry and Mapping Agency
Hofstraat 110,
Apeldoorn
The Netherlands